Readability, hackability, and abstraction

Since your coworkers have been nagging you about the copy-pasted code in the deploy scripts

I think the copy-pasted code (deploy_taskrunner and deploy_webserver) are pretty close to what you want in this situation, since it’s reasonable to expect them to diverge further.

It might be possible to remove some of the repetition without adding lots of abstraction and without composing things into a hierarchy of function calls that have lots of effects (not all of which you might want in the future. and if you want to omit or modify an effect in a special case, you’re in trouble!).

I can only see two lines that are guilty of much repetition:

copy('code/', ip + ':~/code', recursive=True)

and especially:

`post(‘https://pingdom.com/api/2.0/checks’,

     { 'name':ip, 'host':ip, 'type':'ping' })`

I think your copy_code_to function would be fine to use here– as long as it’s called directly instead of via another level of indirection. Perhaps it can even have src and dst parameters with default values of code/ and ip + :~/code – but that can be over-ridden if you ever have a a special case (or, the special case machine could just call copy directly).

In the second case, you could write a notify_pingdom(ip) function and call it directly. Alternatively, since it’s something that is probably always going to be run as the last step, you could write an @pingdom decorator.

It’s not a perfect solution, but I think it has a better balance of readability/hackability/abstraction for this case.

I think readability and hackability are at a premium here: in ops, it’s super important to easily know exactly what’s going to happen when you run a command. And it’s also super important to be able to hack in small changes.

From the perspective of a strongly-typed pure functional programmer, this problem looks self-inflicted. Your explanation of the runtime error, “the author was confused about which subtype of Machine they were operating on,” could only happen because the state is hidden and a strong type system isn’t being leveraged. Why force the programmer to keep track of things in their head when the compiler can do that for them? For instance, in (incomplete) Haskell:

data Machine os where

    BSDMachine :: Params -> Machine BSD

    LinuxMachine :: Params -> Machine Linux

predeploy :: Machine os -> IO ()

predeploy m = copyCode m >> tweakConfig m

tweakConfig :: Machine os -> IO ()

tweakConfig m@(BSDMachine _) = tweakBSDConfig m

tweakConfig m@(LinuxMachine _) = tweakLinuxConfig m

tweakBSDConfig :: Machine BSD -> IO ()

tweakLinuxConfig :: Machine Linux -> IO()

If you try to call tweakLinuxConfig on a BSDMachine, the compiler will stop you. Functions that are currently common can be called on Machine os, and easily refactored into specific versions if the need arises. Each Machine value has a params record containing further needed data about its IP, whether it’s an API or a web server, etc.

You could argue that by passing around that params record, I’m basically still threading an argument around, which you wanted to avoid. Regardless of approach, though, the data has to live somewhere. You can make it hidden state in an object, but then it’s difficult to reason locally and equationally about your program. It makes much more sense, to me, to treat the data as a value and provide it to the functions that need it directly.

You mention that hacking would be easier if you could just add an if...then block. There’s a way to preserve that simplicity: rather than factoring out the common behavior into functions, factor out the specific behavior into functions. Then your API has a single entry-point, it’s a simple matter of pattern matching (equivalent of your if...then block) to figure out which specific functions to call, and the parametric types resolve to more concrete ones as you call deeper functions, providing you with more safety. The goal is to create large functions by composing many small functions. The most specific functions should be the smallest, so they should be the ones being composed, rather than the result of the composition.

I agree that large collections of functions are difficult to hack on if you don’t have a powerful compiler and type-checker. With one, though, it becomes fairly trivial. I’ve made changes to core data types in production Haskell code, whether to add additional data or to do more thorough refactorings, without any difficulty at all. It’s only difficult if a human has to load the whole structure into their head. If a compiler can do that part for you and just tell you which bits to change, it’s no problem at all.

Really nice article! Well-written and accurate.

I’d agree with Ted in this case and I think it’s also a situation where you anticipate this will always happen, and build safe-checks into the deployment/build process itself.

If you’re operating a business big enough for this to be relevant, I’m guessing each service would have at least two “machines” or instances dedicated–by using a half-at-once deployment strategy and running some post checks in your build flow, you can usually prevent any failures (even in the build/deploy scripts themselves) from ever compromising the service.

Still sucks when it happens, but, the service doesn’t go down and everyone on the business side remains happy (ie, you don’t have to re-justify the point of abstraction or efforts to enhance readability which may introduce bugs).

@Ted: I’d agree with you about the copy-pasted code if you didn’t expect the scripts to go. As the number of things the script does increases, the copy-paste code is going to become more unwieldy and the factored-out function hierarchy will become deeper, leading to the parameter-threading problems I mentioned before.

@Nathan: It looks to me like you’re essentially doing the same thing as virtual dispatch with your code snippet. It’s true that this will catch something like using tweakConfigLinux instead of tweakConfigBSD, but this isn’t an advantage over normal object-oriented virtual dispatch where you can just implement tweakConfig differently for the BSDMachine and LinuxMachine classes.

That said, I do agree that using a type system as rich as Haskell’s would cut down the potential bug surface significantly (even if not eliminate it entirely). Is there a good resource for patterns that Haskellers/other functional programmers use for this kind of thing? I’d be interested in learning more.

@Julian: Thanks for the kind words!

I definitely agree with the mitigation strategies you suggest. In practice I usually solve this problem at least partly with outside-the-program tools like better safety checks, intensive code review for critical components, etc.

@Ben: Part of this is definitely similar to dispatch, but this version enforces a lot more safety. It does this in large part by making everything completely explicit, and by forcing the programmer to handle every case. If you write a function that works on any general Machine os, you have to either only use data and other functions that are common to all types of machines, or you have to handle each type of machine explicitly in a pattern match. In the OO version, on the other hand, these requirements are not enforced, so you end up with run-time errors rather than compile-time errors.

I wish I could point you to good educational resources, unfortunately most of it is just learned on the job, so I’m not aware of very good instructional material.

As a general programmer I also agree with Nathan about the strong types here. Its not specific to Haskell and functional programming, in other languages like C++ or Java you can get the same kind of safety with only some small investment in keeping good discipline.

You may also get tools that enable meta-programming, generics, or a declarative style that can bring even more problems into the scope of detection for the compiler whilst reducing the amount of code and more clearly communicating its intent and structure to the human reader as well. This code may be identical in the final executed bytes as some “good ol’ procedural/object-oriented code” but will be furnishing the compiler with the information it requires to do additional checks.

This is however, a very hard problem to solve for interpreted languages, those with extremely weak typing or that only allow very late dynamic binding, without making a considerable effort yourself. If you only know about something as late as at run-time then how can you reliably find it before it is detected by causing a problem?

These kinds of languages often have lots of benefits for rapid application development and day-to-day scripting, but that effectiveness comes at a cost of lacking features and constraints that are useful for large, complicated software which has to work reliably.

I agree with Nathan’s claim that a lot of these problems would be solved with a type system.

People often make a subtle error when deciding whether to use a dynamic vs statically typed language for a particular task. For script-like tasks, such as the server-deployment example you describe, people intuitively lean towards using a dynamic language. But this idea of “scriptiness” is a misleading concept. Instead, the relevant factor is how intensively the code gets tested before being checked-in or deployed. If the code is highly tested before checkin, either because of good unit test coverage or because the codebase is so tightly integrated that a bug anywhere would cause everything to break, then the protections offered by a good type checker aren’t as relevant, and the use of a dynamic language should be encouraged.

In a lot of cases, though, people have code that is run infrequently and is detached from the rest of the codebase, and therefore not subject to constant testing. This profile matches your deployment script example very well. In these cases, you really benefit from locking the code down as much as possible, using both a strong type system and a lot of assertions.

@Nathan: no good educational resources about production Haskell patterns? Have you considered starting a blog?

I’d also be interested in any open-source codebases you think are particularly good with stuff like this.

Hey Ben,

Great article. Have you read anything about DCI? It’s intended to solve this problem, and make centralize your paths of code execution into a single, understandable chunk (rather than a confusing network of calls among objects) while still allowing you to keep your objects.

Good intro here: http://www.infoq.com/presentations/The-DCI-Architecture

your code has become data. treat it as data and not as object code. Your copy-paste code level is a series of instructions(rows) you execute. Or rows, you add, re-order, and change as needed. If you want to abstract that code, abstract it as data.

you have a table of commands

you have a table for server types

you have a table that sequences commands per server type.

if you need to add a server type, it’s just a new set of data and rows in tables.

if you have to change a command, you can see what server types use that command… and opt to add a new command(row) instead of modifying an existing one.

if you want to get fancy, you could abstract command groups, and then apply groups and individual commands to server types creating a more mixed structure… of data. Keep a list of your servers in your database, and now you can print your whole server config setup and processing sequence with a single SQL select.

you could easily keep track of how each command is executed in code by writing it upon completion to a log file, creating an easily readable facsimile of your copy-paste code. And then if something goes wrong, you know exactly which record it breaks down on in your database.

also, you can run a process that then monitors your servers, and if one stops or fails for some reasons, it can auto-restart it by reading the database setup just for that server.

anyway, this is how I’ve solved problems like these in the past.

I wrote a paper about how to get the best of both worlds:

http://harmonia.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/toomim-linked-editing.pdf

Attack the problems with Copy-Pasted code directly using your editor!

I started reading your your post, and have to admit it is a bit above my head despite 33 years of computing experience, 28 in industry. Presently I am a .NET developer.

However, your description of co-workers and their reactions to the pre-solutions you encountered elicited some simple understanding.

I have read some of the comments and Calvin’s seems to make the most sense to me. If I understand him correctly he is suggesting putting all the meta information regarding the script in a Database. Then write some sort of algorithm (script) to manipulate the Database in an order giving the correct results. Then if a new machine is added the Database is the only place that requires changing. Sounds ideal?

I guess you are working on VMs, from within the host control area, although it is possible you are “spinning” up physical machines.

I have not the time to read all the links just at the moment, however, I thought I would mention that I liked the post, and how it was written.

I followed the trail from linkedin and here I am now.

Sometimes we are not afforded the time to work with abstraction. It might be said that it would save time in the future if you start by abstracting, however, there might not be a future if we stopped and abstracted at every “required” point in time.

As a .NET developer, I have only read about abstraction and have never written an abstract class, except perhaps in my head pre-class creation.

For the time being I am happy to remain a .NET developer and write the WebApplications that your machines host.

Hi,

I’m part of a team that uses a similar kind of script to orchestrate deployments.

I don’t want to get into implementation too much, other to say your post was timely.

The way you phrased your query, was, to me, scratching the surface of a fundamental set of issues in developing software I’ve seen time and again over the course of my career.

I hope you don’t mind this, but I asked Robert Martin via Twitter, the author of “Clean Code”, and a source for clarity around this subject matter for me, to comment on your post. I’ve only met him once at a class I took and was rather blown away by his reply!

I hope his post gives you a a different frame to think about what you are struggling with, which is shared by all of us, no matter how long we’ve been in this vocation.

• Robert Martin: Does Organization Matter?

Hi Ben,

Great post, thank you. What language is this code in? It looks very easy to read. Cheers.

ef deploy(ip):

copy('code/', ip + ':~/code', recursive=True)

write_template('conf/config.py', ip + ':~/config.py')

write_template('conf/crontab', ip + ':~/.crontab')

write_template('conf/crontab', ip + ':/etc/apache2/httpd.conf')

run_as_root('service cron restart')

run_as_root('service apache restart')

post('https://pingdom.com/api/2.0/checks',

     { 'name':ip, 'host':ip, 'type':'ping' })